Abstract

Opinion

Adrenal insufficiency in Bilateral Adrenal Metastasis implemented SBRT

Yasemin Benderli Cihan*

Published: 14 February, 2018 | Volume 2 - Issue 1 | Pages: 009-011

Today, there is a considerable increase in localizing adrenal bulks with the bringing radiologic diagnosis methods having high technology into use and improvement in diagnostic tests. Adrenal glands are vital tissues for the organism due to the hormones they secrete. Death is a natural result in the absence of adrenal cortex. Adrenal bulks can be seen with different clinical, laboratory and radiological data. These bulks are often benign and rarely malign. They can be functional or non-functional. Major treatment methods used fort he treatment of adrenal gland primary tumors or metastases are surgery, arterial embolisation, chemical ablation, radiofrequency ablation and radiotherapy [1-4].

Adrenal glands are one of the metastatic fields. In wide autopsy series, adrenal metastasis has been determined between the rates of 13-17% [5]. While unilateral metastasis is common, bilateral metastasis’ rate of incidence is between 4-20%. It has been stated that lung (35%), gastric (14%), esophageal (12%) and hepatobiliary (10%) primary carcinomas adrenal metastasis are prevalent most frequently [2]. Curative treatments are tested on patients having cancer with oligo metastasis limited with adrenal gland and primary source is under control because of the expectation of long-term survival, and the surgery is the first choice. These bulks can be treated with open and laparoscopic surrenalectomy in a curative way. It was reported in studies that overall survival was longer in resection of clinically isolated adrenal metastases when compared with nonsurgical therapy (including RFA, external beam radiotherapy, arterial embolization, radioembolization, chemical ablation, and cryoablation) [1,2,5,7]. Lo et al., found one-year survival as 73% and two-year survival as 40% in their study conducted on 52 patients having curative resection for solitary adrenal metastasis [3]. Tanvetyanon et al., demonstrated 5-year survival rates of 25% following resection of isolated synchronous adrenal metastases and reported 26% after resection of metachronous adrenal metastases in their study conducted on NSCLC patients developing solitary adrenal metastasis [4]. Conducted studies revealed that the rate of complication was 9-20% in patients having adrenalectomy for solitary adrenal metastasis [2-4,7].

In recent years, the use of radiotherapy, which is a treatment modality as effective as surgical resection, has become prevalent for the management of oligometastases. Today, three different modalities have been tested in the radiotherapy treatment of adrenal gland metastases. In the first one, total 50 Gy treatment dose with 3D-CRT as daily 2 Gy fraction dose is given [8]. The second one is IMRT implementations for adrenal gland metastases but it isn’t thought as suitable according to Practice Guidelines for Neuroendocrine Tumors published by NCCN in 2010. The third radiotherapy modality is stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). SBRT implementations have started to be preferred today since they are completed in a few fractions in addition to that they show close results to surgery for primary tumors and metastases. Holy et al., implemented SBRT to patients having 13 solitary adrenal metastases with NSCLC at 5 fractions and between 20 and 40 Gy total doses. They found disease-free survival as median 12 months, overall survival as median 23 months and local control rate as 77% [9]. In SBRT implementations for different cancer types determined 30 adrenal metastases, Chawla et al., reported the rates of one-year survival, local control and distant metastasis as 44%, 55% and 13% respectively [10]. In Casamassima et al.,’s study on this issue, the rate of two-year local control was found as 90% [11]. Second degree toxicity was seen in none of the above mentioned studies according to the RTOG toxicity classification. Wardak et al., reported that the patient having lung cancer that they implemented SBRT for bilateral adrenal metastases developed adrenal insufficiency depending on SBRT [6]. Ippolito et al., Reported that adrenal insuffiency may be due to both the tumor and the local treatment [12]. Incidence of symptomatic adrenal insufficiency were reported 4% [2,13]. Casamassima et al and Onishi et al studies, two grade 2 adrenal insuffiencies were reported [11,14].

Consequently, when all these data were evaluated, it is seen that SBRT use has gradually become prevalent for patients not suitable for surgery because of comorbid disease, for patients having oligometastatic cancer that are not suitable for surgery since it has vital risk to resect or that refuse surgery. However, it hasn’t been clear yet that local control will be provided with how many total doses and which fraction schema. There is no agreement on the examination of the adrenal hormone axes because of the short length of life. Besides, it should be kept in mind that adrenal insufficiency can develop in patients implemented SBRT because of bilateral adrenal metastasis developing as synchronous or metachronous. The hormone levels of these patients need to be followed. More researches should be done to lighten this matter.

 

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jro.1001016 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

References

  1. Franzese C, Franceschini D, Cozzi L, D'Agostino G, Comito T, et al. Minimally Invasive Stereotactical Radio-ablation of Adrenal Metastases as an Alternative to Surgery. Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 49: 20-28. Ref.: https://goo.gl/REyjKP
  2. Lam KY, Lo CY. Metastatic tumors of the adrenal glands: a 30 year experience in a teaching hospital. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002; 56: 95-101. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iN86Pw
  3. Lo CY, van Heerden JA, Soreide JA, Grant CS, Thompson GB, et al. Adrenelectomy for metastatic disease to the adrenal glands. Br J Surg. 1996; 83: 528-531. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fyDyYv
  4. Tanvetyanon T, Robinson LA, Schell MJ, Strong VE, Kapoor R, et al. Outcomes of adrenalectomy for isolated synchronous versus metachronous adrenal metastases in non small cell lung cancer. A systematic review and pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 1142-1147. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kjKHdJ
  5. Desai A, Rai H, Haas J, Witten M1, Blacksburg S, et al. Retrospective Review of CyberKnife Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for AdrenalTumors (Primary and Metastatic): Winthrop University Hospital Experience. Front Oncol. 2015; 5: 185. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GbWGnN
  6. Wardak Z, Meyer J, Ghayee H, Wilfong L, Timmerman R. Adrenal insufficiency after stereotactic body radiation therapy for bilateral adrenal metastases. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015; 5: 177-811. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dRBgnY
  7. Gunjur A, Duong C, Ball D, Siva S. Surgical and ablative therapies for the management of adrenal 'oligometastases'-A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014; 40: 838-846. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TNCET1
  8. Zeng, Tang ZC, Fan ZY, Zhou J, Qin LX, et al. Radiation therapy for adrenal gland metastases form hepatocellular carsinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005; 35: 61-66. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HWGiqH
  9. Holy, R. Piroth, M. Pinkawa, M. Eble MJ. Stereotactic body raiation therapy (SBRT) for treatment of adrenal gland metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2011; 4: 245-251. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fJ3Fmo
  10. Chawla, Chen S, Katz Y, Muhs AG, Philip A, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for treatmentof adrenal metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009; 75: 71-75. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yhxVdT
  11. Casamassima, Livi F, Masciullo L, Menichelli C, Masi L, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for adrenal gland metastases: university of florence experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 82: 919-923. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oDYJr2
  12. Ippolito E, D'Angelillo RM, Fiore M, Molfese E, Trodella L, et al. SBRT: A viable option for treating adrenal gland metastases.Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2015; 20: 484-490. Ref.: https://goo.gl/swQRK7
  13. Redman BG, Pazdur R, Zingas AP, Loredo R. Prospective evaluation of adrenal insufficiency in patients with adrenal metastasis. Cancer. 1987; 60: 103-107. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eTkUp8
  14. Onishi H, Ozaki M, Kuriyama K, Komiyama T, Marino K, et al. Serious gastric ulcer event after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivered with concomitant vinorelbine in a patient with left adrenal metastasis of lung cancer. Acta Oncol. 2012; 51: 624-628. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Hto5ih

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?