Abstract

Research Article

Neurointerventional Radiology: History, Present and Future

Andre Calixte*, Schan Lartigue, Scott McGaugh, Michael Mathelier, Anjali Patel, Mohammad Reza Hosseini Siyanaki, Kevin Pierre and Brandon Lucke-Wold

Published: 20 June, 2023 | Volume 7 - Issue 2 | Pages: 026-032

Neurointerventional Radiology (NIR), encompassing neuroendovascular surgery, endovascular neurosurgery, and interventional neurology, is an innovative and rapidly evolving multidisciplinary specialty focused on minimally invasive therapies for a wide range of neurological disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of NIR, discussing the three routes into the field, highlighting their distinct training paradigms, and emphasizing the importance of unified approaches through organizations like the Society of Neurointerventional Surgery (SNIS).
The paper explores the benefits of co-managed care and its potential to improve patient outcomes, as well as the role of interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-disciplinary integration in advancing the field. We discuss the various contributions of neurosurgery, radiology, and neurology to cerebrovascular surgery, aiming to inform and educate those interested in pursuing a career in neurointervention. Additionally, the review examines the adoption of innovative technologies such as robotic-assisted techniques and artificial intelligence in NIR, and their implications for patient care and the future of the specialty. 
By presenting a comprehensive analysis of the field of neurointervention, we hope to inspire those considering a career in this exciting and rapidly advancing specialty, and underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in shaping its future.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jro.1001049 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Neurointerventional radiology (NIR); Endovascular neurosurgery; Interventional neurology; Cerebrovascular surgery; Endovascular treatment; Minimally invasive therapies

References

  1. Chen M, Nguyen T. Emerging subspecialties in neurology: endovascular surgical neuroradiology. Neurology. 2008 Feb 5;70(6):e21-4. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000299086.22147.89. PMID: 18250282.
  2. Gravino G. The pioneering past and cutting-edge future of interventional neuroradiology. Interv Neuroradiol. 2022 Oct 9:15910199221130234. doi: 10.1177/15910199221130234. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36214159.
  3. Debrun G, Lacour P, Caron JP, Hurth M, Comoy J, Keravel Y. Inflatable and released balloon technique experimentation in dog -- application in man. Neuroradiology. 1975 Sep 15;9(5):267-71. doi: 10.1007/BF00333741. PMID: 1165852.
  4. Maingard J, Kok HK, Ranatunga D, Brooks DM, Chandra RV, Lee MJ, Asadi H. The future of interventional and neurointerventional radiology: learning lessons from the past. Br J Radiol. 2017 Dec;90(1080):20170473. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20170473. Epub 2017 Oct 3. PMID: 28972807; PMCID: PMC6047642.
  5. Guglielmi G. History of endovascular endosaccular occlusion of brain aneurysms: 1965-1990. Interv Neuroradiol. 2007 Sep;13(3):217-24. doi: 10.1177/159101990701300301. Epub 2007 Sep 15. PMID: 20566113; PMCID: PMC3345485.
  6. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA, Sandercock P; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet. 2005 Sep 3-9;366(9488):809-17. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67214-5. PMID: 16139655.
  7. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C, Pessin M, Ahuja A, Callahan F, Clark WM, Silver F, Rivera F. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999 Dec 1;282(21):2003-11. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.21.2003. PMID: 10591382.
  8. Fransen PS, Beumer D, Berkhemer OA, van den Berg LA, Lingsma H, van der Lugt A, van Zwam WH, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Roos YB, Majoie CB, Dippel DW; MR CLEAN Investigators. MR CLEAN, a multicenter randomized clinical trial of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke in the Netherlands: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014 Sep 1;15:343. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-343. PMID: 25179366; PMCID: PMC4162915.
  9. Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, Diener HC, Levy EI, Pereira VM, Albers GW, Cognard C, Cohen DJ, Hacke W, Jansen O, Jovin TG, Mattle HP, Nogueira RG, Siddiqui AH, Yavagal DR, Baxter BW, Devlin TG, Lopes DK, Reddy VK, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Singer OC, Jahan R; SWIFT PRIME Investigators. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 11;372(24):2285-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1415061. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PMID: 25882376.
  10. Gounis MJ, DeLeo MJ 3rd, Wakhloo AK. Advances in interventional neuroradiology. Stroke. 2010 Feb;41(2):e81-7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.574319. Epub 2010 Jan 14. PMID: 20075339.
  11. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, Schonewille WJ, Vos JA, Nederkoorn PJ, Wermer MJ, van Walderveen MA, Staals J, Hofmeijer J, van Oostayen JA, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Boiten J, Brouwer PA, Emmer BJ, de Bruijn SF, van Dijk LC, Kappelle LJ, Lo RH, van Dijk EJ, de Vries J, de Kort PL, van Rooij WJ, van den Berg JS, van Hasselt BA, Aerden LA, Dallinga RJ, Visser MC, Bot JC, Vroomen PC, Eshghi O, Schreuder TH, Heijboer RJ, Keizer K, Tielbeek AV, den Hertog HM, Gerrits DG, van den Berg-Vos RM, Karas GB, Steyerberg EW, Flach HZ, Marquering HA, Sprengers ME, Jenniskens SF, Beenen LF, van den Berg R, Koudstaal PJ, van Zwam WH, Roos YB, van der Lugt A, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Majoie CB, Dippel DW; MR CLEAN Investigators. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):11-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411587. Epub 2014 Dec 17. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 22;372(4):394. PMID: 25517348.
  12. Alberts MJ, Range J, Spencer W, Cantwell V, Hampel MJ. Availability of endovascular therapies for cerebrovascular disease at primary stroke centers. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017 Feb;23(1):64-68. doi: 10.1177/1591019916678199. Epub 2016 Nov 30. PMID: 27895242; PMCID: PMC5305162.
  13. Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, Bonafe A, Budzik RF, Bhuva P, Yavagal DR, Ribo M, Cognard C, Hanel RA, Sila CA, Hassan AE, Millan M, Levy EI, Mitchell P, Chen M, English JD, Shah QA, Silver FL, Pereira VM, Mehta BP, Baxter BW, Abraham MG, Cardona P, Veznedaroglu E, Hellinger FR, Feng L, Kirmani JF, Lopes DK, Jankowitz BT, Frankel MR, Costalat V, Vora NA, Yoo AJ, Malik AM, Furlan AJ, Rubiera M, Aghaebrahim A, Olivot JM, Tekle WG, Shields R, Graves T, Lewis RJ, Smith WS, Liebeskind DS, Saver JL, Jovin TG; DAWN Trial Investigators. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke with a Mismatch between Deficit and Infarct. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):11-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1706442. Epub 2017 Nov 11. PMID: 29129157.
  14. Jabbour P, Tjoumakaris S, Chalouhi N, Randazzo C, Gonzalez LF, Dumont A, Rosenwasser R. Endovascular treatment of cerebral dural and pial arteriovenous fistulas. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2013 Nov;23(4):625-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.010. Epub 2013 May 16. PMID: 24156854.
  15. Hwang H, La YK, Baek MS, Baik K, Suh SH, Kim WJ. Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Manifested as Rapid Progressive Dementia Successfully Treated by Endovascular Embolization Only. Neurointervention. 2017 Mar;12(1):50-53. doi: 10.5469/neuroint.2017.12.1.50. Epub 2017 Mar 6. PMID: 28316870; PMCID: PMC5355462.
  16. Iampreechakul P, Lertbutsayanukul P, Wattanasen Y, Thiraworawong T, Komonchan S, Siriwimonmas S. Reversible Thalamic Dementia Caused by Venous Hypertension of Bilateral Thalami Resulting from Multiple Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Successfully Obliterated by Endovascular Treatment using Liquid Embolic Materials: A Case Report and Literature Review. Asian J Neurosurg. 2020 Feb 25;15(1):144-154. doi: 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_317_19. PMID: 32181190; PMCID: PMC7057878.
  17. Waldeck S, Chapot R, von Falck C, Froelich MF, Brockmann M, Overhoff D. A Comparative Evaluation of Standard and Balloon-Assisted Coiling of Intracranial Aneurysms Based on Neurophysiological Monitoring. J Clin Med. 2022 Jan 28;11(3):677. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030677. PMID: 35160124; PMCID: PMC8836763.
  18. Link TW, Rapoport BI, Paine SM, Kamel H, Knopman J. Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: Endovascular technique and radiographic findings. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018 Aug;24(4):455-462. doi: 10.1177/1591019918769336. Epub 2018 May 2. PMID: 29720020; PMCID: PMC6050895.
  19. Rahman WT, Griauzde J, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Gemmete JJ, Chong ST. Neurovascular emergencies: imaging diagnosis and neurointerventional treatment. Emerg Radiol. 2017 Apr;24(2):183-193. doi: 10.1007/s10140-016-1450-x. Epub 2016 Oct 7. PMID: 27718098.
  20. Lavine SD, Cockroft K, Hoh B, Bambakidis N, Khalessi AA, Woo H, Riina H, Siddiqui A, Hirsch JA, Chong W, Rice H, Wenderoth J, Mitchell P, Coulthard A, Signh TJ, Phatorous C, Khangure M, Klurfan P, terBrugge K, Iancu D, Gunnarsson T, Jansen O, Muto M, Szikora I, Pierot L, Brouwer P, Gralla J, Renowden S, Andersson T, Fiehler J, Turjman F, White P, Januel AC, Spelle L, Kulcsar Z, Chapot R, Spelle L, Biondi A, Dima S, Taschner C, Szajner M, Krajina A, Sakai N, Matsumaru Y, Yoshimura S, Ezura M, Fujinaka T, Iihara K, Ishii A, Higashi T, Hirohata M, Hyodo A, Ito Y, Kawanishi M, Kiyosue H, Kobayashi E, Kobayashi S, Kuwayama N, Matsumoto Y, Miyachi S, Murayama Y, Nagata I, Nakahara I, Nemoto S, Niimi Y, Oishi H, Satomi J, Satow T, Sugiu K, Tanaka M, Terada T, Yamagami H, Diaz O, Lylyk P, Jayaraman MV, Patsalides A, Gandhi CD, Lee SK, Abruzzo T, Albani B, Ansari SA, Arthur AS, Baxter BW, Bulsara KR, Chen M, Delgado Almandoz JE, Fraser JF, Heck DV, Hetts SW, Hussain MS, Klucznik RP, Leslie-Mawzi TM, Mack WJ, McTaggart RA, Meyers PM, Mocco J, Prestigiacomo CJ, Pride GL, Rasmussen PA, Starke RM, Sunenshine PJ, Tarr RW, Frei DF, Ribo M, Nogueira RG, Zaidat OO, Jovin T, Linfante I, Yavagal D, Liebeskind D, Novakovic R, Pongpech S, Rodesch G, Soderman M, terBrugge K, Taylor A, Krings T, Orbach D, Biondi A, Picard L, Suh DC, Tanaka M, Zhang HQ. Training Guidelines for Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Intervention: An International Multi-Society Consensus Document. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Apr;37(4):E31-4. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4766. Epub 2016 Feb 18. PMID: 26892982; PMCID: PMC7960155.
  21. How to Become a Neurointerventionalist [Available from: https://www.snisonline.org/pathways/
  22. Day AL, Siddiqui AH, Meyers PM, Jovin TG, Derdeyn CP, Hoh BL, Riina H, Linfante I, Zaidat O, Turk A, Howington JU, Mocco J, Ringer AJ, Veznedaroglu E, Khalessi AA, Levy EI, Woo H, Harbaugh R, Giannotta S. Training Standards in Neuroendovascular Surgery: Program Accreditation and Practitioner Certification. Stroke. 2017 Aug;48(8):2318-2325. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016560. Epub 2017 Jul 13. PMID: 28706116.
  23. Sauvageau E, Hopkins LN. Training in cerebrovascular disease: do we need to change the way we train residents? Neurosurgery. 2006 Nov;59(5 Suppl 3):S282-6; discussion S3-13. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000237333.81543.D2. PMID: 17053614.
  24. de Vries J, Boogaarts HD. Treatment of patients with ruptured aneurysm by neurosurgeons that perform both open surgical and endovascular techniques is safe and effective: results of a single centre in Europe. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014 Jul;156(7):1259-66; discussion 1266. doi: 10.1007/s00701-014-2101-1. Epub 2014 May 1. PMID: 24789710.
  25. Gupta A, Reddy V, Barpujari A, Lavadi RS, Agarwal P, Chang YF, Mooney J, Elsayed GA, Agarwal N. Current Trends in Subspecialty Fellowship Training for 1691 Academic Neurological Surgeons. World Neurosurg. 2023 Mar;171:e47-e56. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.11.074. Epub 2022 Nov 18. PMID: 36403934.
  26. Chewning R, Wyse G, Murphy K. Neurointervention for the peripheral radiologist: tips and tricks. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2008 Mar;25(1):42-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1052305. PMID: 21326492; PMCID: PMC3036406.
  27. Liang CW, Das S, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Liebeskind DS, Grotta JC, Jovin TG, Nguyen TN, Nogueira RG, Masoud H, Elijovich L, Zaidat OO, Hassan AE, Linfante I, Fifi JT, Sheth SA. Education Research: Challenges Faced by Neurology Trainees in a Neuro-Intervention Career Track. Neurology. 2021 Apr 13;96(15):e2028-e2032. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011629. Epub 2021 Feb 12. PMID: 33579757.
  28. Cox M, Atsina KB, Sedora-Roman NI, Pukenas BA, Parker L, Levin DC, Bagley LJ, Hurst RW. Neurointerventional Radiology for the Aspiring Radiology Resident: Current State of the Field and Future Directions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019 Apr;212(4):899-904. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20336. Epub 2019 Jan 30. PMID: 30699013.
  29. Itsekzon-Hayosh Z, Agid R. Diversity among endovascular neurointerventionalists in Canada results of a national survey 2022. Interv Neuroradiol. 2023 Mar 27:15910199231164838. doi: 10.1177/15910199231164838. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36972494.
  30. [Available from: https://www.snisonline.org/.
  31. Elkind MSV, O'Gara P. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Interventional Neurology: Mind the GAPS. Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology. 2021; 1(1):e000225.
  32. Bershad EM, Feen ES, Hernandez OH, Suri MF, Suarez JI. Impact of a specialized neurointensive care team on outcomes of critically ill acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(3):287-92. doi: 10.1007/s12028-008-9051-5. PMID: 18196476.
  33. Josephson SA, Douglas VC, Lawton MT, English JD, Smith WS, Ko NU. Improvement in intensive care unit outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage after initiation of neurointensivist co-management. J Neurosurg. 2010 Mar;112(3):626-30. doi: 10.3171/2009.8.JNS09441. PMID: 19731990.
  34. Varelas PN, Eastwood D, Yun HJ, Spanaki MV, Hacein Bey L, Kessaris C, Gennarelli TA. Impact of a neurointensivist on outcomes in patients with head trauma treated in a neurosciences intensive care unit. J Neurosurg. 2006 May;104(5):713-9. doi: 10.3171/jns.2006.104.5.713. PMID: 16703875.
  35. Auerbach AD, Wachter RM, Cheng HQ, Maselli J, McDermott M, Vittinghoff E, Berger MS. Comanagement of surgical patients between neurosurgeons and hospitalists. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Dec 13;170(22):2004-10. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.432. PMID: 21149758.
  36. Retchin SM. A conceptual framework for interprofessional and co-managed care. Acad Med. 2008 Oct;83(10):929-33. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181850b4b. PMID: 18820522.
  37. Yan J, Gilbert JH, Hoffman SJ. World Health Organization Study Group on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice. J Interprof Care. 2007 Dec;21(6):588-9. doi: 10.1080/13561820701775830. PMID: 18038291.
  38. Hui FK, Spiotta AM, Katzan I, Manno EM, Masaryk TJ, Rasmussen PA. Evolution of a multidisciplinary cerebrovascular center: lessons learned. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012 Mar;4(2):147-51. doi: 10.1136/jnis.2010.004101. Epub 2011 May 11. PMID: 21990440.
  39. Weisz G, Metzger DC, Caputo RP, Delgado JA, Marshall JJ, Vetrovec GW, Reisman M, Waksman R, Granada JF, Novack V, Moses JW, Carrozza JP. Safety and feasibility of robotic percutaneous coronary intervention: PRECISE (Percutaneous Robotically-Enhanced Coronary Intervention) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Apr 16;61(15):1596-600. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.045. PMID: 23500318.
  40. Vu CT, Elder DH. Pregnancy and the working interventional radiologist. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013 Dec;30(4):403-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1359735. PMID: 24436568; PMCID: PMC3835582.
  41. Mendes Pereira V, Cancelliere NM, Nicholson P, Radovanovic I, Drake KE, Sungur JM, Krings T, Turk A. First-in-human, robotic-assisted neuroendovascular intervention. J Neurointerv Surg. 2020 Apr;12(4):338-340. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015671.rep. Epub 2020 Mar 3. PMID: 32132138; PMCID: PMC7146920.
  42. Morey JR, Zhang X, Yaeger KA, Fiano E, Marayati NF, Kellner CP, De Leacy RA, Doshi A, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT. Real-World Experience with Artificial Intelligence-Based Triage in Transferred Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;50(4):450-455. doi: 10.1159/000515320. Epub 2021 Apr 13. PMID: 33849032.
  43. Yahav-Dovrat A, Saban M, Merhav G, Lankri I, Abergel E, Eran A, Tanne D, Nogueira RG, Sivan-Hoffmann R. Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence-Powered Identification of Large-Vessel Occlusions in a Comprehensive Stroke Center. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021 Jan;42(2):247-254. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6923. Epub 2020 Dec 31. PMID: 33384294; PMCID: PMC7872164.
  44. Silva MA, Patel J, Kavouridis V, Gallerani T, Beers A, Chang K, Hoebel KV, Brown J, See AP, Gormley WB, Aziz-Sultan MA, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Arnaout O, Patel NJ. Machine Learning Models can Detect Aneurysm Rupture and Identify Clinical Features Associated with Rupture. World Neurosurg. 2019 Nov;131:e46-e51. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.231. Epub 2019 Jul 9. PMID: 31295616.
  45. Shimada Y, Tanimoto T, Nishimori M, Choppin A, Meir A, Ozaki A, Higuchi A, Kosaka M, Shimahara Y, Kitamura N. Incidental cerebral aneurysms detected by a computer-assisted detection system based on artificial intelligence: A case series. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Oct 23;99(43):e21518. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021518. PMID: 33120725; PMCID: PMC7581039.
  46. Panesar SS, Volpi JJ, Lumsden A, Desai V, Kleiman NS, Sample TL, Elkins E, Britz GW. Telerobotic stroke intervention: a novel solution to the care dissemination dilemma. J Neurosurg. 2019 Nov 29;132(3):971-978. doi: 10.3171/2019.8.JNS191739. PMID: 31783366.
  47. Legeza P, Britz GW, Loh T, Lumsden A. Current utilization and future directions of robotic-assisted endovascular surgery. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2020 Sep;17(9):919-927. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1814742. Epub 2020 Aug 31. PMID: 32835546.
  48. Rabinovich EP, Capek S, Kumar JS, Park MS. Tele-robotics and artificial-intelligence in stroke care. J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Sep;79:129-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.125. Epub 2020 Aug 5. PMID: 33070881.

Figures:

Similar Articles

  • Neurointerventional Radiology: History, Present and Future
    Andre Calixte*, Schan Lartigue, Scott McGaugh, Michael Mathelier, Anjali Patel, Mohammad Reza Hosseini Siyanaki, Kevin Pierre and Brandon Lucke-Wold Andre Calixte*, Schan Lartigue, Scott McGaugh, Michael Mathelier, Anjali Patel, Mohammad Reza Hosseini Siyanaki, Kevin Pierre, Brandon Lucke-Wold. Neurointerventional Radiology: History, Present and Future. . 2023 doi: 10.29328/journal.jro.1001049; 7: 026-032

Recently Viewed

  • The development of urotherapy in pediatric care and the training of urotherapists
    Anna-Lena Hellström*, Birgitta Lindehall and Ulla Sillén Anna-Lena Hellström*,Birgitta Lindehall,Ulla Sillén. The development of urotherapy in pediatric care and the training of urotherapists. Clin J Nurs Care Pract. 2023: doi: 10.29328/journal.cjncp.1001044; 7: 001-005
  • Statistical Mathematical Analysis of COVID-19 at World Level
    Marín-Machuca Olegario*, Carlos Enrique Chinchay-Barragán, Moro-Pisco José Francisco, Vargas-Ayala Jessica Blanca, Machuca-Mines José Ambrosio, María del Pilar Rojas-Rueda and Zambrano-Cabanillas Abel Walter Marín-Machuca Olegario*, Carlos Enrique Chinchay-Barragán, Moro-Pisco José Francisco, Vargas-Ayala Jessica Blanca, Machuca-Mines José Ambrosio, María del Pilar Rojas-Rueda, Zambrano-Cabanillas Abel Walter. Statistical Mathematical Analysis of COVID-19 at World Level. Int J Phys Res Appl. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.ijpra.1001082; 7: 040-047
  • Comparison of RGB Indices used for Vegetation Studies based on Structured Similarity Index (SSIM)
    Lóránt Biró*, Veronika Kozma-Bognár and József Berke Lóránt Biró*, Veronika Kozma-Bognár, József Berke. Comparison of RGB Indices used for Vegetation Studies based on Structured Similarity Index (SSIM). J Plant Sci Phytopathol. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001124; 8: 007-012
  • The Outcome of Patients with Leukemia Presenting with Hyperleukocytosis Requiring Leukapheresis. The Experience of King Fahad Specialist Hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia
    Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi*, Alsaffar WA, Aljishi FK, Kanfer S, Kalogiannidis P, Alenazi W, Alshammasi Z, Albahrani A, Abduljalil O, Mutahar E, Alwakeel AM, Apostolidis I, Darweesh M, Almokhtar N, Abdulbaqi M, Albanyan O, Alshaibani Z, Raslan H and Aldayel A Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi*, Alsaffar WA, Aljishi FK, Kanfer S, Kalogiannidis P, Alenazi W, Alshammasi Z, Albahrani A, Abduljalil O, Mutahar E, Alwakeel AM, Apostolidis I, Darweesh M, Almokhtar N, Abdulbaqi M, Albanyan O, Alshaibani Z, Raslan H, Aldayel A. The Outcome of Patients with Leukemia Presenting with Hyperleukocytosis Requiring Leukapheresis. The Experience of King Fahad Specialist Hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. J Hematol Clin Res. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.jhcr.1001028; 8: 008-016
  • Severe hypertriglycerdemia in pregnancy
    Krithika Muralidhara* and Shashank Dhareshwar Krithika Muralidhara*,Shashank Dhareshwar. Severe hypertriglycerdemia in pregnancy. Clin J Obstet Gynecol. 2021: doi: 10.29328/journal.cjog.1001080; 4: 019-019

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?